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Indian rocket

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Indian rocket   Sounding  Sounding rockets are one or two-stage solid propellant rockets used for probing the upper atmospheric regions and for space research. They also serve as easily affordable platforms to test or prove prototypes of new components or subsystems intended for use in launch vehicles and satellites. With the establishment of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in 1963 at Thumba, a location close to the magnetic equator, there was a quantum jump in the scope for aeronomy and atmospheric sciences in India. The launch of the first sounding rocket from Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala on 21 November 1963, marked the beginning of the Indian Space Programme. Sounding rockets made it possible to probe the atmosphere in situ using rocket-borne instrumentation. The first rockets were two-stage rockets imported from Russia (M-100) and France (Centaure). While the M-100 could carry a payload of 70 kg to an altitude of 85 km, the Centaure was cap...
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nambi narayanan biography and ISRO spy case

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  Nambi Narayanan Nambi Narayanan S. Nambi Narayanan (12 December 1941) is an Indian scientist and aerospace engineer and Padma Bhushan award winner . As a senior scientist at the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ), he was in charge of the cryogenics department. In 1994, he was falsely charged with espionage and arrested. The charges against him were dismissed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in April 1996, and the Supreme Court of India declared him not guilty in 1998. In 2018, the Supreme Court, through the bench of Dipak Misra, awarded Narayanan a compensation of ₹ 5,000,000, to be recovered from the government of Kerala within eight weeks. However, the government of Kerala decided to give him ₹ 1.3 crores (₹ 13,000,000; ). The apex court also constituted a committee headed by retired Supreme Court judge D. K. Jain to inquire into the role of officials of the Kerala police in the arrest of Narayanan. He was awarded India's third highest civilian award, the...
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Shubhanshu Shukla: India's First Astronaut to Visit the ISS – A Historic Journey to Space

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 Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla in Axiom Mission 4 Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla in Axiom Mission 4 Introduction: India’s space ambitions have been progressing steadily, but the journey of Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla marks an important milestone for the country’s space exploration dreams. On May 29, 2025, Shubhanshu Shukla will become the first Indian astronaut to visit the International Space Station (ISS) since Rakesh Sharma’s historic flight in 1984. His flight is part of the Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), a significant international space mission involving ISRO, NASA, and Axiom Space. Early Life and Education of Shubhanshu Shukla Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla in Axiom Mission 4 Born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh on October 10, 1985, Shubhanshu Shukla’s journey to space began with a strong passion for aviation and science. After completing his schooling at City Montessori School, Lucknow, he pursued his studies at the National Defence Academy (NDA) in Pune, where he studi...
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